Showing posts with label cuentapropista. Show all posts
Showing posts with label cuentapropista. Show all posts

Thursday, May 11, 2017

Cuentapropismo tecnológico en Cuba?

This is a guest post by Cuban professor Armando Camacho Costales. Armando is interested in the self-employment sector in Cuba and writes about the Internet on his blog Cuba 2.0.

Cuba tiene aprobadas 201 categorías de licencias para el trabajo por cuenta propia, mejor conocido como “cuentapropismo”, al cierre del 2016 se contabilizaban aproximadamente 520 mil 594 “personas” con licencias para ejercer la actividad del trabajo por cuenta propia. De ellos aproximadamente el 30% son menores de 25 años, 84 mil 109 son trabajadores asalariados en el sector estatal y 60 mil 897 jubilados. Resulta difícil establecer una cifra exacta debido a la propia naturaleza volátil del trabajo por cuenta propia con fuerte incidencia de altas y bajas registradas mensualmente.

Tampoco existen estadísticas oficiales del aporte del sector privado a la conformación del Producto Interno Bruto se estima que puede oscilar entre el 7% y el 15% del PIB para el 2015, y el 30% de la fuerza de trabajo económicamente activa del país.

Lo primero que llama la atención de la actualización del trabajo por cuenta propia mediante la Resolución No. 20 del 2016 del Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social es la cantidad de actividades decimonónicas o con un marcado carácter folclórico y hasta pintoresco. Por ejemplo: productor vendedor de artículos religiosos (excepto las piezas que tengan valor patrimonial según regula el Ministerio de Cultura) o vendedor de animales para estos fines, cuidador o entrenador de animales o forrador de botones. Igual la ausencia de trabajos profesionales, técnicos, en áreas que requieran estudios superiores como los relacionados con las telecomunicaciones, la informática, el cuidado de la salud, y en general los servicios terciarios de la economía.

Existen solo dos actividades relacionadas directamente con el sector tecnológico, de las telecomunicaciones, la electrónica o la informática: Programador de equipos de cómputo y Reparador de equipos eléctricos y electrónicos.

Aunque existen otras actividades aprobadas relacionadas con el sector de las telecomunicaciones que complementan los servicios de empresas estatales como Correos de Cuba y ETECSA: Agente de telecomunicaciones y Agente postal.

De una lectura y análisis de las cifras de las actividades anteriormente relacionadas
con el sector de las telecomunicaciones y la informática podemos acercarnos a interesantes
consideraciones. Al cierre del primer trimestre del 2017, existen 4620 Reparadores
de equipos eléctricos y electrónicos y 1432 Programadores de Equipos de Cómputos.

En correspondencia con estas actividades relacionadas directamente con las ICT existen otras que cuentan con cifras que las cuadruplican como por ejemplo pueden ser Comprador y Vendedor de Discos con 7505 licencias activas y Alquiler de Habitaciones con 22 338. Tal y como se puede apreciar en la siguiente tabla.

Comprador y Vendedor de Discos 7505
Alquiler de Habitaciones 22338
Agente Postal 441
Agentes de Telecomunicaciones 24602
Programador de equipos de computó 1432
Reparador de equipos eléctrico y electrónicos 4620

Comprador y Vendedor de Discos, por ejemplo es una actividad muy popular que puede resultar muy rentable al no solo establecer la comercialización de DVD y CD con contenido pirateado de multimedia nacional e internacional, sino que generalmente distribuyen y comercializan el conocido “paquete semanal."

Agentes de telecomunicaciones, igualmente pueden ofertar las recargas que ETECSA pone a disposición de sus usuarios a través de sitios en el extranjero.

Un análisis más detallado en cuanto a “programador de equipos de cómputo” podemos ver su distribución por edad y por territorios. La Habana cuenta con el 63% de los programadores activos de todo el país. El 56.22% son nacidos en la década del 80, comprendidos entre los 27 y 37 años.


Sin embargo una de las conclusiones que podemos señalar es el comportamiento entre las altas y bajas para todas las actividades estudiadas. Por ejemplo el 53.76 de los programadores de equipos de cómputo han solicitado baja de la actividad y el 51.62% de los reparadores de equipos electrónicos eléctricos. El mejor comportamiento lo tienen los agentes de telecomunicaciones con solo
28.58% de bajas. Tal y como se aprecia en la siguiente Tabla.


Un análisis más detallado y por años del comportamiento de las altas de los programadores de equipos de cómputos, del total de activos solo el 0.56% llevan más de cuatro años en la actividad. El 35.89 menos de un año. Comose puede apreciar en la siguiente tabla.


Esa volatilidad en el empleo por cuenta propia tiene una serie de condiciones multicausales, entre las que podemos citar. La escasa protección legislativa al considerar el ‘cuentapropismo” como una actividad empresarial “personal” sin el respaldo que proporcionan las sociedades mercantiles. El sistema tributario no promueve la productividad, la generación de empleo o la inversión y el ahorro, pues la carga tributaria para los trabajadores por cuenta propia puede oscilar entre un 30% y un 60% de sus ingresos netos. Imposibilidad de acceso al mercado mayorista de insumos ya sean tangibles o intangibles, el acceso a tecnologías o a los mercados nacionales o globales. Poca o nula financiación por parte de las instituciones financieras nacional, muchos de los financiamientos de estos emprendimientos se realizan con fondos de amigos o familiares residentes en el exterior sin las apropiadas garantías jurídicas o legales. Escaso acceso al internet. Imposibilidad de ejecutar directamente exportaciones o importaciones que solo son autorizadas a través de las empresas estatales adscritas y aprobadas por el Ministerio Cubano de Comercio Exterior.

No obstante todas las limitaciones y el moderado impacto de los emprendimientos tecnológicos en el total de cuentapropismo y el trabajo privado en la Isla, el potencial de dicho sector es visible en la remodelación del mercado laboral cubano, en la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías y modelos de negocios de acuerdo a las carencias y circunstancias económicas, tecnológicas y políticas de la Isla.

Cuba cuenta con una enorme cantera de profesionales bien educados y con deseos de improvisar, imaginar y mejorar las condiciones económicas de sus familias, sus comunidades y su nación.




Saturday, April 15, 2017

Cuba's self-employed computer programmers

The Cuban government has licensed more self-employed computer programmers than clowns and button coverers combined.

The other day I wrote a somewhat optimistic post pointing out that the Cuban government and government software companies are reaching out to self-employed programmers. One of the reasons for my optimism was a recent informatics and communication workshop, TICS 2017, billed as an exchange between state and non-state sectors working together for the society.

Cubadebate covered the workshop and wrote that about 5% of the roughly 900 self-employed programmers in Havana attended. An anonymous source told me there are 904 licensed programmers in Havana and provided the following license counts for three of the 201 occupations eligible for private employment.

Number of Cuban self-employment licenses

It is encouraging to see that the number of licensed programmers exceeds the number of clowns and button coverers combined. That being said, licensed programmers are more likely to be inactive and the opposite holds true for both clowns and button coverers.

Joking aside, we see another positive trend -- the number of active, self-employed programmers has grown steadily and the growth rate has increased every year:

Number of active programmer licenses each year

A couple of years ago, I wrote a post asking whether Cuba would allow software exports -- it seems the answer may be "yes."

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In August 2017, The Cuban government stopped issuing new self-employment licenses. Last July they said they would begin issuing new licenses -- with added restrictions. People complained and the restrictions were reduced somewhat before the government began issuing new licenses.

An anonymous source has told me that, as of this month, the number of self-employed programmer licenses is down to 1,137. That is a step in the wrong direction.

Wednesday, April 12, 2017

Exporting Cuban software and programming -- the times they are a changin'

TICS 2017 taglines: Intercambio entre los sectores estatal y no estatal and Juntos por la sociedad

I've been tracking the nascent Cuban software industry for some time and, after the US decided to allow the import of services provided by independent Cuban entrepreneurs, I wondered if the Cuban government would allow software exports.

I've been away for the last few weeks and, upon my return, discovered some positive signs. Foremost was the first Workshop on Informatics and Communication for the Society (TICS 2017), held in Havana on March 29-30. Fifteen projects were presented and the attendees "succeeded in identifying business opportunities in a collaborative and supportive environment." The workshop was notable because it brought together representatives of the government, state software companies, academia and the private sector and it included discussion of legal matters hindering the development of relations between the private and government sectors. About five percent of Cuba's self-employed programmers attended.

There is also indirect evidence that the outlook is improving. Consider the evolution of the government attitude toward Revolico, a Cuban version of Craigslist classified ads. The Cuban government blocked access to Revolico three months after it was founded at the end of 2007. Co-founder Hiram Centelles countered by frequently changing the IP address, but the site was illegal, and, fearing the authorities, Centelles left Cuba for Spain, where Revolico co-founder Carlos Peña lived.

They began distributing Revolico on El Paquete Semanal and it took off. Today, Centelles has traveled to Cuba, speaks publically of the history of Revolico and the site is posting over 10,000 ads per day. More important, Revolico has three competitors. (More on the history of Revolico here).

Revolico and its competitors

I also see that while I was away, Granma published a positive article on the popular restaurant-directory app AlaMesa, calling it "the first and most comprehensive directory of restaurants in the Greater Antilles."
607
I suspect these examples are the tip of an iceberg. I've been told that there are 607 registered, self-employed programmers in Cuba. It is an open secret that Cuban programmers are doing off-shore work and services like Cubaoutsource and Ninjacuba are facilitating freelance engagement. The wheels of government turn slowly -- slower than most in Cuba -- but it does seem that the times may be a changin'.

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Update 4/14/2017

In the first version of this post, I understated the number of Cuban computer programmers with self-employment licenses. My source corrected me, saying there are currently 3,097 licensed programmers, 1,432 of whom are active. That's more than clowns and button coverers combined.

Number of Cuban self-employment licenses

Thursday, October 15, 2015

Trying to clarify the latest U. S. opening to Cuba -- and failing

One way to get clarification is to offer some Cuban software for sale and see what happens -- in the U. S. and in Cuba.

Last September, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) eased restrictions on trade with Cuba. Restrictions were reduced in many areas -- travel, commercial and financial transactions, support for and remittances to people in Cuba, etc., but the one that caught my eye was an easing of restrictions on telecommunications and Internet-based services, including this statement:
Mobile applications. To further enhance the free flow of information to, from, and among the Cuban people, OFAC is adding a provision in section 515.578 to authorize the importation into the United States of Cuban-origin mobile applications. In addition, OFAC is authorizing the employment of Cuban nationals by persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction to develop such mobile applications.
It sounds like the US government will now allow Cuban programmers to sell mobile apps in the US. (Recall that computer programmer is one of the jobs authorized for self employment by the Cuban government).

Could a Cuban programmer now offer apps for sale in places like the Apple, Google, Amazon and Microsoft app stores?

The new rule leaves several things unclear, so I asked the Treasury department for clarification, as follows:
  • Why is the regulation limited to "mobile" apps and how do they define "mobile" app since Microsoft (Windows 10) and Google (Android) are moving to software that can run on a phone, tablet, laptop or desktop PC -- it seems that mobility is a property of the device running the app, not the app itself.
  • Can the application be developed for a U. S. business, as opposed to an individual?
  • Does the Cuban programmer have to be a self-employed individual (a "cuentapropista") or could the app be developed by a Cooperative or a government enterprise?
Here are the answers:
  • The application can be developed for a U. S. business.
  • OFAC does not have a definition of "mobile" and, if an individual has a specific question as to whether certain software qualifies for the general license, they can contact OFAC.
  • They have no comment on the reason for limiting the ruling to mobile apps.
  • They have no comment on the question of dealing with cooperatives or Cuban government enterprises.
I also sent queries to Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Apple asking whether they had plans to offer paid Cuban apps in their online stores and none of them replied.

Cubans are allowed to offer free apps in the Google Play Store, but not paid apps.

During a recent, somewhat frustrating, trip to Cuba, U.S. Commerce Secretary Penny Pritzker stated that "There is much we in the United States do not fully understand about the Cuban economic system." While I would not want to suggest that U. S. regulations are as hard to understand as Cuba's, this one seems muddy.

One way to get clarification is to offer some Cuban software for sale and see what happens -- in both the U. S. and in Cuba.

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Update 10/17/2015

Reader Rodney Hernandez pointed out that there is at least one free Cuban app in the Google Play store, the AlaMesaCuba restaurant guide. The publisher says an iTunes version will be available soon. The FAQs on the Google Play site state that AlaMesaCuba "Has been created and developed by Cubans living in Cuba" and their domain name registrant has a Cuban address and phone number, so Cubans are working on the app.

But there is a US tie as well. The Web site says the app is "offered by" ISLA Management LLC and the "developer" address is that of Inca Investments, a Miami investment firm that specializes in Latin America.

One more thing -- I could not find the AlaMesaCuba app by searching on my Nexus phone, but I was able to install it from the Web site. When I first ran it, it downloaded the current database. I guess the database is maintained in Cuba and updated periodically.

I've never encountered an app that was listed online, but not on my phone before -- is that common? Does it have something to do with fuzzy regulations?


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Update 10/22/2015

I've got two Cuban apps on my phone now, AlaMesaCuba and KickRajoy. KickRajoy is written by a Cuban living out of the country and AlaMesaCuba is written by programmers living in Cuba, but distributed with the help of people in the US.

Both are free, but KickRajoy has ads at the bottom of the screen. I assume that the programmer gets a portion of that ad revenue. Does AlaMesaCuba generate revenue in fees for listings? Have their US partners paid the developers as an investment?

Are there other apps being sold in the US with payments going to Cuba? Note that Cubans are now allowed to write apps for companies and clients -- they do not have to be in Google's store or anyone Else's.


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Update 10/29/2015

There is a discussion of this post at Slashdot.

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Update 3/18/2016


Silicon Valley payments startup Stripe will make it possible to give Cuban entrepreneurs access to the US financial system. Cubans will be able to incorporate a US company, set up a US bank account, and start accepting payments from the US.

Stripe CEO Patrick Collison said the expansion into Cuba came together quickly after White House officials recently visited with aspiring Cuban entrepreneurs who requested such a service.

Well, I guess that puts the ball squarely in Cuba's court. Will they allow cuentapropistas or cooperatives to open those accounts?

When will we see a Cuban version of Stripe? Global Stripes?

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Update 3/19/2016

When I posted this note, officials I spoke with were not sure how to interpret the changes, but the administration is sending an unambiguous signal to US companies that payment to Cuba is authorized by inviting Stripe CEO Patrick Collison to join the White House delegation to Cuba. Stripe was valued at $5 billion before the trip -- I bet it will be a lot more after the trip.

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Update 3/11/2016

On March 15, 2016, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the U.S. Department of Commerce issued new amendments to regulations governing travel, trade, and financial transactions with Cuba. They include the following changes:
  • Cuban origin software is now authorized for importation into the United States.
  • Non-immigrant Cuban nationals in the United States will be permitted to earn a salary or compensation consistent with their visa status. U.S. companies are now also authorized to sponsor or hire Cuban nationals to work or perform in the United States.
That should clear the way for Cuban apps in Google, Apple and Microsoft stores as well as outsourcing.

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Update 5/12/2016

While there may be some ambiguity with respect to software products like mobile apps, there is none with respect to software services, which I assume includes offshore programming. The State Department's Section 525.582 List of Goods and Services Eligible for Importation states that U. S. citizens may import services provided by independent Cuban entrepreneurs with licenses to be self-employed issued by the Cuban government.

I personally know a Cuban who has obtained a license as an independent computer programmer and I am confident that there are others. This document seems to make it clear that software written by my friend or other Cubans with computer programmer licenses could be leally imported into the U. S. It does not apply to programs written by employees of Cuban state software companies.

The same holds for "entities" that are not owned or controlled in whole or in part by the Cuban government. That would seem to allow a licensed computer programmer to hire employees for offshore programming or for a licensed Cuban cooperative to do offshore programming.

(Posts related to this topic)

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Update August 9, 2016

I have a belated followup to this post regarding the ambiguity of the US position with respect to software import from Cuba. Earlier they had authorized the import of mobile software, but they subsequently dropped the qualifier "mobile" in this release, which states that "The CACR currently authorizes the importation of Cuban-origin mobile applications. OFAC will expand this authorization to allow the importation of Cuban-origin software."

The rule change was announced last March, ahead of President Obama's trip to Cuba. I'm not a lawyer, but it sounds like offshore programming and application development by self-employed Cubans and Cooperatives is authorized. The ball is in Cuba's court -- will they allow it?

Wednesday, February 25, 2015

List of jobs that are eligible for self-employment in Cuba -- send in the clowns (and the programmers)

In a previous post I noted that the US will now allow imports of goods and services produced by Cuban entrepreneurs who are independent of the government. It turns out that the Cuban government has a list of 201 jobs that are authorized for self-employment and the list includes Computer Programmer -- leading me to wonder if we would be importing Cuban software and software services.

Another job that caught my eye was Retail Telecommunication Agent, which got be thinking about operators of local Internet-access businesses in rural areas -- perhaps using satellite links where terrestrial connectivity is not available.

But what of the other 199 jobs that are eligible for self-employment in Cuba -- might there be other exports? It turns out that the many of the jobs are providing local service -- small restaurant owner, nanny, barber etc. Others may produce small items which could be exported like ceramic pots or costume jewelry, but software was the only interesting exportable item I found.

But, the list is interesting in its own right, independent of tech or other exports. It is funny -- goofy. I got a kick out of reading it. On a more serious note, it says something about Cuban bureaucracy and the desire to micro-manage. It would have been fun to watch the process by which this list was defined.

We see frequent, optimistic reference to Cuba's desire to liberalize and move toward a market economy, but dealing with a government that would attempt to create such a list would be difficult.


For a little more insight into the frustration one experiences with bureaucracy in using the Internet in Havana, read this account by a visiting university student. It reminds me of the old Soviet Union saying "we pretend to work and they pretend to pay us." The Cuban Internet faces cultural as well as political and economic hurdles.

At any rate, although this is a little off-topic for this blog, here is the list of 201 jobs authorized for self-employment:*

Musical Instrument Tuning and Repair
Water Delivery
Construction Laborer
Animal Rental
Formal Wear Rental
Knife Grinder
Party Entertainer (clowns, magicians)
Mule Driver
Artisan (arts and crafts maker)
Mechanical Saw Operator (as in a sawmill)
Babysitter/Nanny
Barber
Embroiderer/Knitter
Wagon or Pushcart Operator (to help move things)
Flower Bed Arranger
Carpenter
Mobile Hand Cart Hawker of Agricultural Products
Locksmith
Furniture Repairman
Collector and Payer of Bills
Operator of Children’s Fun Wagon Pulled by Pony or Goat
Buyer and Seller of Records (including CDs)
Used Book Seller
Builder/Seller/Installer of Radio and TV Antennas
Craftsman/Seller/Repairman of Wicker Furniture
Breeder/Seller of Pets
Window Glass Repair
Animal Caretaker
Public Bathroom Attendant
Caretaker of Elderly/Handicapped
Public Park Caretaker
Leather Tanner (except cows and horses)
Decorator
Palm Tree Trimmer
Restaurant Owner (paladares)
Café Owner (cafetería)
Non-Alcoholic Beverage Seller (home delivery)
Café Owner (cafeteria, light snacks and beverages)
Street-based Seller of Food and Beverages
Charcoal Manufacturer/Seller
Wine Maker/Seller
Maker of Yokes, Harnesses and Rope for Oxen
Electrician
Automobile Electrician
Building Superintendent
Book Binding
Electric Motor Rewiring
Animal Trainer
Flower Wreath Arranger
Button Coverer (wraps buttons in cloth, popular in the 50’s and 60’s)
Photographer
Car washer/Oil Changer
Bus/Train/Taxi Stop Barker (calls out instructions to waiting passengers)
Engraver of Numbers
Blacksmith/Seller of Horseshoes and Nails
Trader of Scrap Metals
Driving Instructor
Sports Trainer (except martial arts and diving)
Gardener
Clothes Washing/Ironing
Woodsmen/Logger
Shining Shoes
Spark Plug Cleaner and Tester
Septic Tank Repairman and Cleaner
Manicurist
Make-up Artist
Masseuse
Plasterer
Refrigerator Mechanic
Typist and Copier
Messenger
Seamstress/Tailor
Miller of Grains
Audio Systems Installer/Operator
Tire Repair
Children’s Ride Operator
Parking Attendant (including for cars, bicycles)
Hairdresser
Animal Groomer
Cleaning/Household Help
Car Painter
Furniture Painter and Polisher
House Painter
Sign Painter
Ornamental Fish Farmer
Plastic Covering Maker for IDs
Plumber
Well Digger
Producer/Seller of Items Used in the Home (self-made or made by other selfemployed)
Producer/Seller of Rubber Accessories
Producer/Seller of Clay Goods (pots, planters, cookware)
Producer/Seller of Bricks and Tiles
Producer/Seller of Articles and Animals for Religious Use
Producer/Seller of Harnesses, Blankets, and Saddles
Producer/Seller of Costume Jewelry
Shoemaker/Shoe Salesman
Producer/Seller of Brooms and Brushes
Producer/Seller of Plaster Figurines
Grower/Seller of Ornamental Plants
Piñata Maker/Seller
Grower/Seller of Plants for Animal Feed and Medicinal Purposes
Music/Art Instructor
Shorthand, Typing, and Language Instructor
Computer Programmer
Metal Polisher
Collector/Seller of Natural Resources (i.e. sea shells)
Collector/Seller of Recyclables
Watch Repair
Leather Repair
Jewelry Repair
Bedframe Repair
Automobile Battery Repair
Bicycle Repair
Costume Jewelry Repair
Fence and Walkway Repair
Stove/Range Repair
Mattress Repair
Small Household Goods Repair
Office Equipment Repair
Electronic Equipment Repair
Mechanical and Combustion Equipment Repair
Eyeglass Repair
Sewing Machine Repair
Saddle and Harness Repair
Umbrella and Parasol Repair
Disposable Lighter Repair and Refill
Tutor (currently employed teachers not eligible)
Doll and Toy Repair
Art Restorer
Night Watchman or Building Doorman
Welder
Leather Craftsman
Upholsterer
Roofer
Accountant/Tax Preparation
Textile Dyer
Machinist
Roaster (i.e. of peanuts, coffee)
Part-time Farm Laborer
Document Translator
Shearer (as in sheep)
Thresher
Vegetable/Fruit Street Vendor (from fixed venues)
Shoe Repair
Contracted Employee of a Self-Employed
Event Planner (weddings, etc
Mason
Real Estate Broker
Repair of Measurement Instruments
Food Wholesaler
Food Retailer (in kiosks and farmers’ markets)
Room/Home Rental
Postal Agent
Telecommunications Agent (retail)
Building Construction Services
Car Body Remolding
Maker/Seller of Marble Objects
Maker/Seller of Soaps, Dyes
Welder
Iron Worker (grating for doors, windows)
Welder/Flamecutter (cutting with gas)
Maker/Seller of Aluminum Products
Maker/Seller of Non-Ferrous Metals
Floor Polisher
Repairer of Water Pumps
Space Rentals in One’s Home to Selfemployed
Insurance Agent
Maker/Seller of Food and Beverages in “China Town”
Private Construction Contractor (in the Havana “Old Town”)
Horse and Carriage Rides
Antique Dealer
Habaneras (women posing in colorful colonial attire)
Fortune Tellers
Folkloric Dancers
Mambises-style Musical Groups (traditional Cuban music)
Caricaturists
Artificial Flowers Seller
Painters (who sell pictures in the street)
Dandy (man dressed in Colonial garb)
Hair Braider
Fresh Fruit Peeler
Dance Duo “Amor” (traditional Cuban dances)
Benny Moré Dance Team
Trained Dog Exhibitor
Musical Duo “Los Amigos” (popular music)
Extras (people in period dress)
Traditional Barber
Truck Driver
Station Wagon Driver
Small-Truck Driver
Bus Driver
Mini-Bus Driver
Taxi Driver
Handcar Operator (on rails)
Jeep Driver
Passenger Boat Operator
Motorcycle Driver
Three-Wheeled Pedal Taxi Driver
Cart Operator
Horse-Drawn Carriage Operator
Pedal Taxi Driver

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* This list was taken from an appendix in a very interesting report -- "Soft Landing in Cuba? Emerging Entrepreneurs and Middle Classes" by Richard Feinberg. The list is dated September 26, 2013 and may have changed subsequently.

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Update 3/11/2015

Cuban self employment is rising, but, as we have seen, the job categories are mostly domestic service jobs.



Saturday, February 14, 2015

The US will allow imports from Cuba's nascent private sector -- will Cuba allow software exports?

Will Cuban programmers be allowed to sell software and do offshore programming and localization in the US and online?

Many people have asked me whether I expect the Cuban Internet to thrive after the rapprochement with the US, and I tell them that is up to the Cubans -- the ball is in their court.

President Obama passed them another ball yesterday -- Cubans can now be paid for many goods and services exported to the US.

My first reaction was a big grin -- I am more interested in what Cuba can sell in the US than I am in what US and other companies can sell in Cuba -- and I imagined Cuban companies and professionals offering high margin goods and services in the US.

But, Obama's offer is limited to "independent Cuban entrepreneurs" -- who are those entrepreneurs and what do they do? This report by Richard E. Feinberg lists the 201 self-employment job categories that were open to Cubans as of September 26, 2013 and it is a goofy list with jobs like three-wheeled pedal taxi driver (not to be confused with pedal taxi driver or horse-drawn cart operator). I'd advise you to check the list for laughs and also a glimpse into the Cuban bureaucratic mind.

Well, that was discouraging, but then I looked more closely at Feinberg's table grouping the 201 jobs into eight categories and one jumped off the page -- computer programmers were included in the "other" category along with clowns and magicians!


How did programmers get on this goofy list? Was it an oversight or an intended loophole for would-be app developers, Web site designers and developers, offshore programmers, software localizers, etc.?

There were 476,000 self-employed Cubans in December 2014 -- I wonder how many were computer programmers and how many more would apply for a self-employment license if software and software service export is actually allowed.

If any readers know any of these self-employed programmers, I would love to hear from them -- to hear what they are currently doing and what they would do if allowed to export to the US.

Programmers are close to my heart, but the Cuban economy can export much more than software. If Cuba is to take advantage of the offer President Obama has made, they must drop what Ted Hencken and Arch Ritter call the "internal Cuban embargo." The Cubans would be wise to adopt the economic and Internet reforms suggested by Hencken and Ritter if they hope to export more than artisan crafts, pottery and religious articles.

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Update 2/19/2015

Official daily Juventud Rebelde said participants in the forum stressed the need to "promote exports of computer services and products, establish business models among telecommunications operators and providers, and foment the creation and development of state companies in harmony with non-state forms of management."

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Update 2/20/2015

If Americans can now purchase goods and services from Cuba, can Cubans crowd-fund projects in the US? Cuban drummer YISSY raised €5,000 on Verkami, a Spanish crowd-funding site. Why not Cuban software projects (and everything else) on kickstarter?


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Update 2/25/2015

I've posted the complete list of jobs eligible for self-employment -- it is goofy and funny, but it also says something about Cuban micro-management and bureaucracy.


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Update 2/27/2015

Two excellent articles on the:




More examples here

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Update 4/29/2015

Cuban software exports will come from the nascent developer/startup community. I will have more to say on this in a future post, but for now, check out this Meetup group. The meetup is being organized by several former members of the Merchise software group and they are interested in software development, entrepreneurship, networking, venture capital, etc. etc. -- the sort of thing you would expect.

Latin American Freeware Festival 2015
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